<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is a historic church building in St. Charles, Minnesota, United States, constructed in 1874. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for the high integrity of its Carpenter Gothic design, well preserved in both the exterior and interior.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s board and batten walls, lancet windows, and bell tower with an open belfry are typical of Carpenter Gothic style architecture. It is no longer in use as a church and is included now on city park property just west of the city hall.</p><br>
<p>The Reuben Davis House, also known as Sunset Hill, is a USA national historic place located in Aberdeen, Mississippi. It is an impressive two-story antebellum mansion that was constructed between 1847 and 1853. Well known as the former residence of Reuben Davis, a prominent attorney, statesman, and author, the property has important historical connections for both the town of Aberdeen and Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Design and construction</h3><br>
<p>The Reuben Davis House is an imposing example of the Greek Revival style that was popular in the prosperous South during the mid-19th Century. The original structure was built in 1847 by D.F. Alexander and then remodeled and expanded by William Cunningham in 1853. The house expresses major stylistic references to Asher Benjamin&#39;s The Practical House Carpenter (1830) and Practice of Architecture (1833).</p><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The city of Aberdeen was incorporated in 1837. According to an article featured in the Aberdeen Examiner, the city is described as containing more antebellum homes than any other Mississippi town of a comparable size. In the mid 19th-century, the community grew from the development of a cotton port on the Tombigbee River. The town was made the county seat in 1849 and had a population of approximately 5,000 by the 1850 census. However, the prosperity and economic growth declined after 1850 when the Mobile and Ohio Railway Company constructed a line eight miles west of the town.</p><br>
<h3>Reuben Davis</h3><br>
<p>Reuben Davis (January 18, 1813 – October 14, 1890) was a prominent figure in 19th century Mississippi. He served as a prosecuting attorney for Mississippi&#39;s sixth judicial district from 1835 to 1839, and a judge of the high court of appeals in 1842. During the Mexican–American War he was a colonel in the Second Regiment of Mississippi Volunteers. In 1855 he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives and in 1857 to the USA House of Representatives for the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congress. In 1861 he withdrew from this position to become the Monroe County candidate for the state secession convention. That same year he became a Mississippi representative to the Confederate Congress in Richmond, Virginia. During the Civil War he was a brigadier general in the Confederate Army. Following the Civil War, Davis returned to Aberdeen to resume his law practice. He purchased Sunset Hill in 1869. It was at this residence that Davis raised his family (with his second wife) and wrote the historical reference Recollections of Mississippi and Mississippians. He remained at Sunset Hill until his death in 1890 and was buried at the Odd Fellows Cemetery. His wife died 22 years later, in 1912. Prior to her death, she had requested that her body be laid in state on top of the grand piano in her parlor and surrounded with roses; a wish which was honored.</p><br>
<h3>Modern times</h3><br>
<p>Over the next 36 years, the property changed owners multiple times. One of the owners, from 1937 to 1943, was a grandniece of Reuben Davis, Mrs. Edmonia Nichols. During the 1940s the house was utilized as an apartment complex and its condition deteriorated. In 1948 the property and the one acre on which it now stands was sold to Drs. Chester and Catherine Brummett. In 1961 Sunset Hill was sold to Mr. & Mrs. W. Emerson Jones. The Jones&#39; made substantial improvements and renovations during their ownership of the property.</p><br>
<p>The USA Department of the Interior added Sunset Hill (listed as the Reuben Davis House) to The National Register of Historic Places in November 1978. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History officially designated Sunset Hill as a Mississippi Landmark in February 1987. The house was sold in 1992, and again in 1997 to its current owners. Additional renovations have taken place over the last 15 years, including restoration of the Reuben Davis office.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of Sunset Hill is described with great detail in the National Register Form:</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Given its rich history and cultural significance, Sunset Hill attracts a number of visitors each year. The home was featured in the 2013 Aberdeen Pilgrimage and Christmas Holiday Home Tour. In the future, the residents may open select bedrooms to the public as a "bed and breakfast."</p><br>
<p>Centerville Town Hall is a historic town hall located at Centerville in Allegany County, New York. It was completed in 1859 and is a 2-story, three-by-three-bay Greek Revival style former Presbyterian church building. It has a large, 1-story horse / carriage house wing at the rear. The building was used as a Grange hall from 1909 to 1927, after which it became the town hall.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Ceres School is a historic two-room school building located at Ceres in Allegany County, New York. It was built in 1855 and remodeled in 1893 with Italianate and Queen Anne style design elements. It is a one-story, gross-gabled frame building topped by a belfry. It is a surviving example of a late 19th-century schoolhouse, which served students from both Pennsylvania and New York. The school closed following World War II and used as a community center.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>First Methodist Episcopal Church of Rome is a historic Methodist Episcopal church building located at Rome in Oneida County, New York. It includes the original brick and stone church building, completed in 1868, and the Ninde Memorial Chapel, added in 1910–1911. The church is a 2-story, three-bay-wide building with a spire and bell tower. It has a slate-covered gable roof. The chapel is a -story, four-bay-wide, red brick building on a cut stone foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>John Brand Sr. House is a historic home located at Elmira in Chemung County, New York. It was built about 1870 and is a large -story, Italianate-style dwelling with a 2-story wing. Also on the property is a concrete fountain basin with a reproduction Victorian fountainhead.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It is located in the Maple Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The statue of John Barry commemorates the "Father of the United States Navy", Commodore John Barry . Barry was an Irish-born sailor who joined the American colonists in fighting for independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Barry became the first commission by the Second Continental Congress. He captained several ships during the American Revolutionary War, and not only fought in the Continental Navy, but also the Continental Army. He was the first American to capture an enemy ship and was promoted to commodore by President George Washington in 1794. Barry&#39;s last ship, the United States, fought in the Quasi-War. He retired in 1801, but remained head of the United States Navy until his death in 1806.</p><br>
<p>Plans to erect a memorial to Barry began in 1902. With assistance from members of Congress, a bill to install the memorial and the allocation of $50,000 to pay for it occurred in 1906. The National Commodore John Barry Statue Commission included government officials, veterans, and many Irish American groups. The person who won the commission to create the sculpture was John J. Boyle. Work on the sculpture and pedestal took place from 1911 to 1913.</p><br>
<p>A dedication ceremony for the memorial took place in 1914, which included a large parade through Washington, D.C. Over 10,000 people, including President Woodrow Wilson, members of Congress, military leaders, and Supreme Court justices, attended the ceremony. The unveiling of the statue was done by one of Barry&#39;s descendants. The bronze statue of Barry is located on the western edge of Franklin Square in downtown Washington, D.C. Barry is portrayed wearing a military uniform while his right hand is holding scrolls and resting on a sword. The female allegorical statue on the front of the pedestal represents Victory. She is holding a laurel wreath as an eagle rests below her right arm.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is one of fourteen American Revolution Statuary listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1978 and 1979, respectively. The memorial is also a contributing property to the L&#39;Enfant Plan, listed on the NRHP in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Barry&#39;s biography</h3><br>
<p>John Barry was born 1745 in Ireland, and later worked as a cabin boy before immigrating to the United States at age 15. Fifteen years later, Barry joined citizens from the Thirteen Colonies, who were attempting to fight for their independence in the American Revolutionary War. He joined the Continental Navy and was named captain of the in December 1775, the first commission by the Second Continental Congress. While commanding the ship, he became the first American to capture a Royal Navy ship.</p><br>
<p>Barry commanded the Lexington for most of 1776. Not only did Barry serve in the Continental Navy, he served in the Continental Army during the winter of 1776-1777, successfully fighting the enemy at the Battle of Trenton and Battle of Princeton. In 1777, he commanded the, and was responsible for leading successful attacks on the Royal Navy. In 1778, he commanded the, which ran aground and was repaired for use by British forces. In 1781, Barry commanded the USS Alliance during a successful battle with the Royal Navy. He was seriously injured in the process, but it was the final naval battle of the war.</p><br>
<p>After the war ended and American had won its freedom, President George Washington issued Barry Commission Number 1. He was referred to as commodore from that point. His final ship was the United States which he captained during the Quasi-War with France. He retired after that war, but retained his role as head of the United States Navy until his death in 1806. Barry&#39;s contribution to American wars, including being the first American commissioned naval officer, earned him praise and admiration. He is referred to as the "Father of the United States Navy".</p><br>
<h3>Memorial plans</h3><br>
<p>In early 1902, a social club in Washington, D.C., voted unanimously for a memorial to be placed in the city. Michael Francis ODonoghue, husband of Marian Longfellow ODonoghue, was an Irish American who was tasked with getting permission from Congress for the memorial. Representative Michael E. Driscoll and Senator Thomas Kearns agreed to introduce a bill in Congress that would result in the erection of the memorial. The first bill was written by O&#39;Donoghue and was introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate. With assistance from Senator Henry C. Hansbrough, the bill passed the Senate with an appropriation of $25,000 for the memorial to be built. Senator George P. Wetmore later increased the funding to $50,000.</p><br>
<p>Later that year, the National Commodore John Barry Statue Commission was formed, which included members of Congress and the public. The plan for a memorial was supported by Irish organizations including the Ancient Order of Hibernians, as well as the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Sons of the American Revolution. At the same time, there were calls for the funding of a memorial to John Paul Jones. The bill was modified to include approval of both memorials, allocating $50,000 for each one. It would take until June 8, 1906, for both chambers to pass the bill. A competition between 25 Irish American artists took place in 1908 to find a sculptor for the memorial.</p><br>
<p>After the winning design was rejected, and the top two other finalists were eliminated, the person chosen to sculpt the statue was Irish-American John Boyle, a choice hailed by Irish groups. After the design was approved in 1911, the committee in charge of the memorial chose Franklin Square as the place where the memorial would be installed. After numerous ideas were suggested for its location in the park, it was decided the memorial would stand in the center of the western edge of the park.</p><br>
<p>Final approval of the memorials design occurred in 1911 and a contract was signed with Boyle in November of that year. The model was completed in 1911 and the casting in 1913. In addition to Boyle, Edward Pearce Casey was selected to be the memorials architect, Irving W. Payne and Burnap to be the landscape architects, and Roman Bronze Works to be the founder.</p><br>
<p>In June 1913, a report to the Department of War indicated the model of the statue would soon be completed, and that casting it in bronze would take several months. There was also a request made for the federal government to allocate $2,500 for the memorial dedication ceremony.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>The day before the dedication ceremony on May 16, 1914, thousands of members from Irish organizations including the Irish Fellowship Club, American Irish Historical Society, and Ancient Order of Hibernians, traveled to Mount Vernon in order to visit Washington&#39;s tomb.</p><br>
<p>Before the ceremony began, there was a parade leading to the memorial, and many buildings along the way were decorated with USA flags. Amongst those who marched in the parade were Irish American organization members, and active and retired members of the military, including a large contingent of veterans. The parade began at 18th Street NW and Pennsylvania Avenue, and after passing Lafayette Square, turned north on Madison Place to Vermont Avenue. The parade then walked north to I Street and traveled to 14th Street, reaching Franklin Square. After walking past the review stand, the parade ended a few blocks north at Thomas Circle.</p><br>
<p>Prominent people in attendance included President Woodrow Wilson and some of his cabinet members, and Supreme Court justices. Members of the USA military, including the army and navy, were also in attendance. The Senate and House of Representatives convened at 11am so that members could attend. Music during the ceremony was provided by the United States Marine Band and the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick.</p><br>
<p>The invocation was given by Bishop Alfred Harding. This was followed by a speech from Representative James A. Hamill who listed Barry&#39;s achievements. The Marine Band played additional music before a speech was made by Asa Bird Gardiner, secretary general of the Society of the Cincinnati, who paid tribute not only to Barry, but other military heroes of the Revolutionary War. The unveiling was done by Elise H. Hepburne, a descendant of Barry, while the Marine Band played The Star-Spangled Banner. President Wilson then gave a brief speech praising Barry. The day after the ceremony, a large banquet took place at the Willard Hotel with the President and other government officials in attendance.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>For many years officials from the Department of the Navy would lay wreaths at the citys navy memorials on Navy Day, a practice that ended in 1949 when Armed Forces Day was established. On Saint Patricks Day members of the local Irish War Veterans group would also lay wreaths at the memorial.</p><br>
<p>On July 14, 1978, a group of fourteen American Revolution Statuary, including the Barry memorial, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The following year on March 3, 1979, the group was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. On April 24, 1997, the memorial was included as a contributing property to the L&#39;Enfant Plan, added to the NRHP on April 24, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The memorial is located on the western edge of Franklin Square, facing 14th Street, and between I and K Streets NW. It is surrounded by a rectangular marble plaza, a marble bench, a small iron fence installed in 1936, and landscaping. Marble steps connect the plaza to the sidewalk along 14th Street. The statue of Barry is approximately 8-feet (2.4 m) tall and made of bronze. He is depicted wearing his military uniforms of the Navy and Army, including a large cloak and a three-cornered hat. His left arm is reclined by his side and his right hand is holding a stack of papers resting on a sword. His left leg stands further out than the right, giving the appearance of him walking.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal is approximately 15-feet (4.6 m) tall and 4-feet (1.2 m) wide. It is made of Knoxville pink marble while the base steps are made of pink granite. On the front of the pedestal is an allegorical female figure representing Victory which is also made of Knoxville pink marble. Her right arm is raised, holding a laurel wreath, while an eagle rests under the arm. Her left hand is resting on the top of a sword. She has long hair that rests on her shoulders. Her outfit consists of a long robe which is tied at the chest and the waist.</p><br>
<p>The inscription on the memorial reads:</p><br>
<p>(Base, south face:)</p><br>
<p>J.J. BOYLE</p><br>
<p>(Base, front:)</p><br>
<p>JOHN BARRY</p><br>
<p>COMMODORE UNITED STATES NAVY</p><br>
<p>BORN COUNTY WEXFORD IRELAND 1745</p><br>
<p>DIED IN PHILADELPHIA 1803</p><br>
<p>(Base, east face:)</p><br>
<p>JOHN J. BOYLE</p><br>
<p>SCULPTOR</p><br>
<p>EDWARD P. CASEY</p><br>
<p>ARCHITECT</p><br>
<p>The Hyman–Brand Building, often referred to as just the Brand Building, is located at the corner of South Galena Street and East Hopkins Avenue in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a two-story stone building erected in the late 19th century. At different stages in the city&#39;s history, it was owned by an entrepreneur who used the building in a way that redefined the city for that time. In 1985, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built by David Marks Hyman, one of the earliest investors in silver mining during Aspens early years; it is the only building in Aspen he is known to have financed. Originally home to a bank, it was one of the largest commercial blocks built during the citys boomtown period. Later it was used for several car-related businesses, including a dealership and drive-through gas station in the corner where the bank lobby had once been. In 1971 local entrepreneur Harley Baldwin saved it from demolition, and along with the neighboring Collins Block later renovated it into an area now known as "Glitter Gulch". Today it is home to some upscale boutiques and art galleries.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located at the southwest corner of the intersection, on the opposite corner from Aspen City Hall, also listed on the National Register. To the west along East Hopkins is another Register-listed property, the Collins Block. The neighborhood is urban and densely developed, with a mixture of historic and sympathetic modern two- and three-story commercial buildings predominating.</p><br>
<p>Structurally it has brick walls, faced in heavily rusticated peachblow sandstone. It is two stories in height. A single-bay clipped corner entrance divides two street facades, 12 bays on the Galena frontage and 10 on Hopkins.</p><br>
<p>Two full-height pilasters separate the corner bay and the two-bay portions on either side. Along Hopkins the next section is a single bay, then two each in the next three sections and another pilaster at the corner. The Galena facade has three in the next section, above the Gucci boutique. A narrow single bay is followed by two three-bay sections with the same treatment.</p><br>
<p>Most of the street level is devoted to retail storefronts, their entrances covered in awnings. A Dior boutique occupies the corner space, with Gucci on either side. An art gallery occupies the space to the south of Gucci along Galena.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration on the upper story consists of one-over-one double-hung sash windows. The five on the Hopkins side, and the first four on Galena, are taller and have taller upper panes. The corner window is topped with a semicircular plaque with "BRAND BLDG. 1891 ASPEN COLO." lettered on it. Above the second story, is a double modillioned cornice in three courses, higher in the middle where the roof has a parapet. Behind it is an open-air rooftop cafe, with umbrellas over the tables. A flagpole stands above the corner.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is given over to the stores on the first floor with hotel rooms on the second, many of which retain some of the original woodwork. Inside the Dior boutique the bank vault and door from the bank originally in that space remain. The door has its original artistic decoration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>David Marks Hyman, a Bavarian-born Harvard-educated Cincinnati lawyer, came to Aspen in the early 1880s to take more direct control of silver mines friends of his had invested his money in. He became one of the richest citizens of the emerging community, building a fortune from the Colorado Silver Boom.</p><br>
<p>Like fellow early Aspen mining entrepreneur Jerome B. Wheeler, his rival and adversary in a bitter legal battle over one particularly rich silver lode, he made his statement with large buildings bearing his name. The Hyman Building was faced in the same peachblow sandstone as Wheeler&#39;s Opera House, brought to the city by the railroads that Hyman and Wheeler had briefly put aside their differences to bring up the Roaring Fork Valley in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The Hyman was one of the largest commercial buildings erected in Aspen during the early mining boom. Other retail tenants included jewelers and a grocery store. The upper space had some offices but was mostly given over to a meeting hall of the Patriotic Order Sons of Liberty.</p><br>
<p>The banks presence and the buildings dominant position within the city helped it survive after the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in response to the Panic of 1893 brought an end to the boom years of early Aspen. The metals price collapsed to market levels once the federal government was no longer required to purchase it, and the citys population steadily declined. Many smaller buildings from the boom years stood vacant and abandoned, their neglect leaving them victim to fire and the effects of Aspens severe and lengthy high-altitude winters. The orders former meeting room was a popular venue for local dance events.</p><br>
<p>Another entrepreneur, Michael H. Brand, bought the building in the 1920s. He adapted it for use to serve the growing population of automobile users, a mode of transportation then making its presence felt in the remote mountain town, its population by then a historic low of less than a thousand. As in the Aspen Block, the corner space was converted into a service station. The onetime bank lobbies had the only ceilings high enough for trucks to fit under and shelter them from snowfall. Other spaces were given over to a dealership and repair shop.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, another owner took over the gas station. Aspen gradually became one of the first ski resorts in the Western United States, and its economy improved. The Aspen Music Festival used the meeting hall space for orchestra rehearsals in the 1950s, before it developed its own facilities outside of town. The Hyman–Brand began to feel the effects of time and its radical conversion several decades earlier. By 1970 the gas station was no longer a viable business, and the building was condemned and slated for demolition.</p><br>
<p>The following year it was saved when Harley Baldwin bought it for $170,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). A man in his mid-20s who had driven out to Aspen from the East after college and established a business selling crêpes which he then parlayed into real estate, Baldwin restored the Hyman–Brand and leased it out as a retail space.</p><br>
<p>A few years later, Baldwin returned to New York City and devoted most of his time and energy to real estate there. In 1988 he returned to Aspen and bought the Collins Block next door. He began to transform both properties into visible symbols of Aspen&#39;s cachet among the international rich and famous, easing out longtime tenants like a hardware store in favor of upscale fashion retailers like Louis Vuitton, Dior and Gucci. Baldwin opened the art gallery that still bears his name in the building as well. The upper story of the Hyman–Brand became the exclusive Aspen Hotel, where guests had membership privileges at the exclusive Caribou Club in the basement of the Collins Block</p><br>
<p>The area became known as "Glitter Gulch", a nickname that soon also came to be used for Aspen as a whole. Some residents lamented the open acknowledgement of Aspens association with celebrity and wealth, recalling the days of the early 1970s when the citys lack of pretense had so attracted those visitors in the first place, and they mixed freely with locals. Baldwin saw it as simply inevitable. "Aspen is for the most successful people in the world. It so happens that they like to wear Gucci. Where&#39;s the problem?" he told Vanity Fair in 2001. the Hyman–Brand was estimated to be worth as much as $15 million.</p><br>
<p>The Collins Block is a historic commercial building located at 204 South Mill Street in Aspen, Colorado. It is a brick and stone structure erected in the early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>It was the last major construction project in the city before the silver-mining industry, mainstay of Aspen&#39;s economy, collapsed following the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. The classically inspired decorative touches, such as a colonnade-supported roof over the sidewalk and an elaborate cornice, are the only ones on a commercial building in the city. They anticipate the wider embrace of the Classical Revival style in other cities that began a few years later.</p><br>
<p>For much of its existence it housed a lumber supply store. Local developer Harley Baldwin, owner of the neighboring Brand Building, bought it in 1988. After renovations, he began leasing space within the buildings to upscale retailers, earning the two the combined nickname of "Gucci Gulch". The Caribou Club, a members-only restaurant and Aspen institution, is located in the basement.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on the southeast corner of the intersection of East Hopkins Avenue and South Mill Street. Other commercial structures, historic and modern, fill the built-out blocks. To the immediate east is the Brand Building, with Aspen City Hall on the opposite far corner. Both are listed on the Register. At the south end of the opposite block of Mill is another listed building, the Wheeler Opera House, opposite a pedestrian mall.</p><br>
<p>Like most of its neighbors (except the Wheeler), the Collins Block is two stories high. The north frontage, along East Hopkins, is five bays long with the western facade seven. Rusticated sandstone, interrupted by several storefronts and a recessed corner entrance with column, faces the first floor on both sides. A flat wooden roof extends out to cover the sidewalk on both sides, supported by smooth round wooden Tuscan columns.</p><br>
<p>The second story is faced in brick. On the north face fenestration is one-over-one double-hung sash windows. Its middle three bays have a recessed porch with Ionic columns and a wooden balustrade. At the roofline is a lightly dentilled cornice with broad overhanging eaves. The roof itself is flat.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the ground level consists of storefronts and offices. The upstairs level is a residence. In the basement is the Caribou Club.</p><br>
<h3>Caribou Club</h3><br>
<p>Entrance to the Caribou Club is via an unmarked mahogany door with brass trim. It opens into a paneled entry area with 19th-century Western landscape paintings. On the east is the entrance to the Great Room, similarly paneled in wood and British racing green. It is decorated with more landscapes, by Frederic Remington and Albert Bierstadt, among others. Its dominant piece of furniture is a 10-foot (3 m) sofa with an equally long ottoman.</p><br>
<p>The main corridor leads around the Great Room past bathrooms, the wine cellar and two private rooms to the bar, also accessible from the Great Room. The room has many personal pictures from members on its wall. The bar itself is mahogany with a brass rail along the floor.</p><br>
<p>In the southeast corner is the dining room. It is finished in a shade described as "somewhere between Etruscan red and a ripe tomato." Light is furnished by candles and antler chandeliers. There are six round tables for diners.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Collins began construction of the building in 1891, when the city was at the peak of its population and prosperity due to the Colorado Silver Boom. It was designed to have businesses on the first floor and offices on the second. Collins had problems with the carpenters union that delayed completion of the project for two years. That delay may have accounted for the disparity between the more Victorian look of the stone lower story and the neoclassical elements of the upper story. The latter may have been inspired by the influential use of neoclassical design at the Chicago Worlds Fair of 1893.</p><br>
<p>Later that year, Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had required the federal government regularly purchase the metal to back the dollar in addition to gold. Aspen, which had grown so rich so rapidly from those sales of its silver, suffered severely as the market collapsed and many of its miners left for the gold fields of Cripple Creek. The Collins survived into the city&#39;s ensuing "quiet years" of steady population decline, when vacancy and disuse felled many of the other relics of that era.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, a time when Aspen was down to less than a thousand people, the Collins housed a mortuary. A couple named Tom and Alice Rachel Sardy bought it in 1938</p><br>
<p>The mortuary was successful enough that the Sardy family was able to move out and build a house on Main Street across from Paepcke Park which is still known as the Sardy House. They bought a lumber business across the street, moved the mortuary to their house and combined the two businesses into Aspen Lumber & Supply, using almost the whole Collins Block. After World War II, Aspen began to develop into the ski resort town it is today. The Sardys sold part of both their family businesses to Walter Paepcke, the Chicago businessman who guided much of that era of the city&#39;s development. In the late 1940s, Tom Sardy recognized that Aspen would need a modern airport, and after being elected a Pitkin County commissioner worked to get one built. Sardy Field at Aspen-Pitkin County Airport is named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 the Collins was acquired by Aspen developer and businessman Harley Baldwin, who already owned the neighboring Brand Building. Returning to Aspen after 16 years of activity in New York, he undertook extensive renovations to the structure. The upper floor he returned to residential use, building for himself and his partner, Richard Edwards, a 6,000 ft&sup2; penthouse that was later featured in Architectural Digest.</p><br>
<p>On the ground level he eased out the remnants of the hardware store and other, similar retail tenants. In their place came upscale fashion boutiques such as Bulgari and Brioni, complementing the Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Dior presence at the other end of the block. These entrants into the local marketplace, into a city that had not previously shown the effect of its growing population of rich and famous residents, earned the two buildings the nickname "Glitter Gulch", which eventually became applied to Aspen as a whole.</p><br>
<p>In the basement of the Collins, Baldwin built the Caribou Club. Admission was limited to members only, the first time such an establishment had opened in Aspen, where celebrities and locals had previously mixed at the Hotel Jeromes bar. Baldwin was criticized for this, but the Caribou became one of the citys most popular nightspots. Diana Ross and Tom Ford, as well as businesspeople like Warren Lichtenstein and Lynda Resnick, are among the regulars.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with many other historic properties in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Moravian Sun Inn was an eighteenth-century inn that was built by the Moravian community in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to provide accommodations for non-Moravian merchants who had business with the community.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The Sun Inn received its first license from King George III. The original part of the building was built in 1758 as a 66 by, two-story, stone building with a mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>At that time, the Moravian missionary community in Bethlehem was located on the western frontier of colonial America. As the Moravians&#39; official "Gasthaus," this inn served many prominent guests including Governors John and Richard Penn, Governor William Franklin of New Jersey, Sir William Johnson, the British Commissioner of Indian Affairs, General Thomas Gage, the commander of British forces in America, and James Allen, the son of William Allen, the founder of Allentown, as well as many American patriots who were prominent in launching and supporting the American Revolution, including George Washington, Martha Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, the Marquis de Lafayette, Governors John and Richard Penn, generals Greene and Knox, the Marquis de Chastellux, Horatio Gates, Benedict Arnold, Ethan Allen, Count Casimir Pulaski, Baron Von Steuben, Captain John Paul Jones, and John Jay.</p><br>
<p>On September 22, 1777, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock, and ten other members of the Continental Congress signed the register and stayed at the inn when the British occupied Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The inn also claims the distinction of having lodged fifty-one chiefs and warriors of the Iroquois Nation, including Chief Cornplanter, the Seneca leader and orator. It also acquired an international reputation for its hospitality and accommodations, fine food and was one of the first inns to offer a private suite. USA President John Adams reportedly described it as "the best Inn I ever saw."</p><br>
<p>After Washingtons defeat at the Battle of Brandywine, much of the American armys baggage and stores were kept near the inn and many people fleeing Philadelphia stayed at the inn. During Friess Rebellion in 1799, seventeen of Friess followers were held at the inn and then freed by Fries.</p><br>
<p>In 1816, under the management of Christian Jacob Wolle a third story was added to the building with seventeen new rooms. In 1866, the building was enlarged again, almost completely hiding the original inn. More famous visitors arrived, including Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, who was a guest at the inn during the summer of 1821. In 1836, General William Henry Harrison, who later became president of the United States, led a parade to the inn, where he addressed townspeople.</p><br>
<p>The Sun Inn ceased operations as a hotel in 1961, two hundred years after receiving its original license. To save the inn from deterioration and demolition, the Sun Inn Preservation Association was created in 1971 to raise funds and acquire the property. The inn was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Sun Inn has been restored to its original eighteenth-century appearance and is back in operation as a museum, restaurant, tavern, and micro-distillery.</p><br>
<p>The Grundy Mills Complex or Bristol Worsted Mills, which is located in Bristol, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, includes thirteen textile mill buildings that were erected by the William H. Grundy Co. between 1876 and 1930.</p><br>
<p>This complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The complex subsequently operated as a worsted mill until 1946. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, it is still used for industrial operations.</p><br>
<p>The clock tower, which was built in 1911 and is 168 ft tall, was the subject of a 2017 painting by Jean-Marc Dubus, an immigrant from Nice, France, and current resident of Langhorne, Pennsylvania. The painting is on display at the Centre for the Arts in Bristol.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings in the complex range from one to seven stories tall. The largest structures, which were built between 1900 and 1915, include the warehouse, the powerhouse and the clock tower. Monumental in scale, they can be seen from well outside of the town.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, more than eight hundred and fifty workers were employed in the plant; at that time, it was the largest employer in Bucks County.</p><br>
<p>The University Courts Historic District is a historic district and neighborhood in Bloomington, Indiana, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Greek houses</h2><br>
<p>The Sigma Chi house at 601 E. Seventh Street, built in Free Classic style, was enlarged in 1925 by Granger, Lowe & Bollenbacher in a manner sympathetic to the original design.</p><br>
<p>The northeast corner of Indiana Avenue and Eighth Street was originally the site of a Tudor Revival house built by Maude Showers. Situated on three lots and designed by Carlisle Bollenbacher, the house was sold to Delta Tau Delta and used for a fraternity until destroyed by fire in February 1935. The fraternity rebuilt on the same site. The new house was designed by Burns & James and retained the same placement on the three lots as the original house. The general contractor was Charles A. Pike.</p><br>
<p>Delta Zeta at 809 East Seventh Street was designed by John Nichols in 1923 in the Classical Revival Style. The general contractor was Charles F. Johnson.</p><br>
<h3>Demolished houses</h3><br>
<p>Before the district was first nominated for the National Register, four houses on the east half of the block bounded by Indiana Avenue, Fess Avenue, Eighth Street and Ninth Street were demolished. Joseph Smith of the Showers Brothers furniture factory engaged John Nichols to build a two-story brick Colonial Revival house at 403 North Fess in 1914. J. Neill was the general contractor. Clarence Neill, general contractor, built a house for Charles F. Johnson at 421 North Fess in 1916. Edwin C. Doeppers and Company were the architects. Indiana University&#39;s Mathers Museum of World Cultures and the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology now occupy those two lots, among others.</p><br>
<h2>Table of contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Appearing in the table below are the buildings included within the boundaries of the city-designated historic district.</p><br>
<p>Staten Island Borough Hall is the primary municipal building for the borough of Staten Island in New York City. It is located at 10 Richmond Terrace, next to the Richmond County Courthouse and opposite the St. George Terminal of the Staten Island Ferry. Borough Hall houses the Borough President&#39;s office, offices of the Departments of Buildings and Transportation, and other civic offices.</p><br>
<p>The 1906 French Renaissance style brick and limestone building was designed by Carrere and Hastings, following the consolidation of New York City in 1898. John Carrere was a resident of Staten Island and he helped select the dramatic hilltop site of Borough Hall. The interior of the building contains a series of thirteen WPA murals illustrating events in Staten Island history, painted by local artist Frederick Charles Stahr.</p><br>
<p>The building is a New York City Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>Borough Hall was originally designed with thirteen arched niches on the main floor, designed to showcase a series of murals. Each niche is 13 ft high by 6.5 ft wide. Frederick Charles Stahr, who grew up on Staten Island and had studied painting in Munich and at the Academy of Design in Rome, had been promised a commission by fellow Staten Islander John Carrere, but no money for murals was available when the building was finished in 1906.</p><br>
<p>Thirty years later, Stahr applied for funding through the Works Progress Administration, and the project was approved in 1936. Working out of a third-floor studio, Stahr created storybook style oil paintings on canvas over the next two years, which were cemented to Borough Hall&#39;s walls as he went along.</p><br>
<p>The thirteen murals depict Verrazzanos discovery of Staten Island in 1524; Henry Hudsons 1609 visit aboard the Dutch ship Halve Maen; two panels showing stoic Lenape natives trading furs for trinkets; French Huguenot farmers; British Admiral Howe taking charge of the island in 1776 and creating Fort Hill; the 1776 peace conference among Howe, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Edward Rutledge at the Conference House in Tottenville; the so-called Battle of St. Andrews; British ships departing during Evacuation Day in 1783; the erection of Fort Richmond and Fort Tompkins in anticipation of the War of 1812; a stagecoach stopping at the Black Horse Tavern, which had been destroyed to accommodate road widening in 1934, three years prior to the 1937 painting; the Hotel Castleton, run by freed black men in the 19th century and destroyed by fire in 1907; the first Clifton to Tottenville railroad in 1860; and, finally, the Bayonne Bridge, showing a snappily-dressed Othmar Ammann, the bridges designer, watching its construction sometime between 1928 and 1931.</p><br>
<p>St. George Coast Guard Station, or the Staten Island Coast Guard Station, located adjacent to the Staten Island Ferry St. George Terminal, is a complex of 22 historic buildings and was best known for the invention and manufacturing of lighthouse equipment. The Office Building and USA Light-House Depot Complex, designed by Alfred B. Mullet and completed in 1865, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and comprise an official New York City Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1990s, New York City Economic Development Corporation (EDC) took over the site and created a public plaza; a public fishing pier (Pier 1); a fully functioning building that was supposed to house a gift shop for the National Lighthouse Museum. EDC also stabilized the building adjacent to the gift shop for the purpose of housing the museum&#39;s artifacts. In 2015 the National Lighthouse Museum opened within the complex. The Lighthouse Point development is also being constructed next to the historic building complex.</p><br>
<p>The site has views of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, Brooklyn&#39;s Shore Parkway, Governors Island, and Manhattan. During the summer months, concerts and events sponsored by local organizations such as Staten Island Community Board 1 and the Downtown Staten Island Council attract tourists from the ferry as well as local residents.</p><br>
<h2>Complex</h2><br>
<p>The Office Building and USA Light-House Depot Complex, also known as the Old Administration Building for the Third District USA Coast Guard, is a historic office building and light house repair depot complex. The complex consists of four buildings: the three-story brick and sandstone office building in the Second Empire style; two brick warehouses; and a small one-story brick building formerly used as a laboratory. The office building was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under Alfred B. Mullett in 1869. The warehouses were built about 1845 and in 1868. The older warehouse is in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>United States Lighthouse Board</h2><br>
<p>The office building was constructed during the time that USA lighthouses were administered by the United States Lighthouse Board, which had been founded in 1851 to improve lighthouse technology and management practices. The board divided the nation into 12 districts, each served by a depot where supplies for the district&#39;s lighthouses were stored, particularly the flammable fuels in use at that time, which required specialized handling. The depot in St. George, Staten Island served the Third Lighthouse District, which stretched from Maine to Delaware and thus included many of the best known and historic lights on the Eastern Seaboard, including Sandy Hook Light, Montauk Light, and Barnegat Light. Vaults for fuel storage remain on the depot property, and other supplies were stored in the warehouses. The laboratory building was used to research improved materials and techniques for use in USA lighthouses.</p><br>
<p>The functions of the Lighthouse Board were transferred to other USA government agencies starting in 1903, and ultimately to the USA Coast Guard in 1939.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>The present site of the St. George Coast Guard Station was the location of the New York Marine Hospital, also known as the Quarantine, which opened in 1799 or 1800. Long before the construction of the immigrant processing center on the Battery, and later Ellis Island, immigrants found to be in poor or questionable health were segregated from other immigrants and from the local population in the hospital. The Quarantine was New York City’s first line of defense against immigrant-borne infectious diseases like Smallpox, Cholera, Typhus and Yellow fever. As many as 1,500 individuals could have been accommodated there at one time. After a series of epidemics in the 1850s, a riotous mob of locals burned the twenty buildings of the hospital complex to the ground in the Staten Island Quarantine War of 1858.</p><br>
<h3>Founding and heyday</h3><br>
<p>The Staten Island Lighthouse Depot was constructed on the former hospital site in 1862 by the United States Lighthouse Service (USLHS). It was the key manufacturing, storage, supply and maintenance center for the USLHS’s 3rd District.</p><br>
<p>Growing steadily in both size and capability during the late 19th and early 20th century, the Staten Island Depot reached its peak size during and after World War I. Two shops were constructed to handle the construction and maintenance of lightship lenses, most of which weighed thousands of pounds and were several feet tall. Subterranean storage areas, called "The Vaults", were built to store fuels and other combustible materials for lighthouses, and an entire machine shop and foundry where anchors, sinkers, chains, buoys, and lighthouse structural members were fabricated were all in full operation by the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Advancing technology saw many lighthouses automated during the 1920s and 1930s and replaced with more reliable electronic beacons, something which heavily altered the scope of the Depots mission as much of the upkeep, maintenance and lighthouse keeper supply work it performed was severely curtailed. This tail-off of work was checked by the massive increase in the use of Floating Aids-to-Navigation, or buoys. The Staten Island Depots foundry became one of the key manufacturing and maintenance point for many of the buoys used along the East Coast of the United States, its quayside spaces became a forest of ocean buoys, channel markers, ice buoys, day-marks and their chains, anchors and sinkers.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>With the USLHSs merger into the US Coast Guard in 1939, the Staten Island Depot continued its work, but during World War II it became more of a ship repair and outfitting space as many USCG Cutters, buoy tenders and harbor patrol craft called the Depot for wartime repainting, arming and voyage repairs. Following the war, the depot continued this work in addition to its maintenance and fabrication work and by 1950 it was one of the US Coast Guards major supply depots in the Northeast.</p><br>
<p>Advancing technology again caught up with the Depot by the 1960s as all lighthouses had been automated with low-maintenance beacons, only two lightships were in service, and the amount of Buoy Tenders in USCG service began to drop as each ship became more operationally capable. Budget cuts and Consolidation in the late 1960s saw much of the Staten Island Depot&#39;s workload sent to the USCG Yard at Curtis Bay, Baltimore, Maryland. In 1966 the Coast Guard moved its remaining operations to Governors Island, and the site became surplus property.</p><br>
<p>It appears that little was done to safeguard the site from vandalism and the elements and it began to decay. The decline continued even after the Office Building was designated as a New York City landmark in 1980, and the entire site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1990s the New York City Economic Development Corporation acquired the property, and in 1998 the site was selected to be the site of the National Lighthouse Museum. By this time the buildings, having been abandoned for over thirty years, were in serious need of restoration. The museum resumed fundraising in 2010 and by early 2014 had raised over $400,000, enough to secure a short-term lease on the site&#39;s building 11, a 1912 machine shop on the boundary of the site. Fundraising for the museum continues. The museum originally planned to open in building 11 in August 2014, but ultimately its opening was delayed until the next year.</p><br>
<p>As of 2014, the other historic structures, including the office building, are fenced off and are in near-ruined condition. In April 2014 the Economic Development Corporation and a developer, Triangle Equities, jointly announced their plan to build a complex, to be completed in 2019 and to be known as Lighthouse Point, that would incorporate the existing historic structures and would include hotel, residential, and retail uses. Work started in 2016 and Lighthouse Points opening was subsequently pushed back to 2020. However, the developer filed for bankruptcy in September 2019, delaying the complexs opening.</p><br>
<p>The George Stumpf House is a historic residence in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Located along Meridian Street on the southern side of the city, it was started in 1870 and completed in 1872.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built as the residence of George Stumpf, a native of Bavaria who moved to Indiana with his family in 1838. A craftsman, Stumpf was both a blacksmith and a manufacturer of wagons for much of his working life. As he grew older, his eyes became damaged by the strain of smithing, so he and his wife Elizabeth purchased property on South Meridian Street in northern Perry Township, which was then known as Three Notch Road. Here they built a log cabin and began farming; as they prospered, they prepared to erect a brick house, but construction was delayed nearly ten years by the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Stumpf and his wife were active in local society: they were members of Zion Evangelical Protestant Church in Indianapolis, and they participated in the establishment of the General German Protestant Orphans Home. They were the parents of eight children; after the deaths of their parents, the land was divided among all the children, with the house passing into the possession of George Stumpf II. He departed from his father&#39;s career, embarking on the manufacturing of sausages; after his death, the house was owned by three successive generations of his descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Stumpf House is a symmetrical two-story brick structure with a foundation of fieldstone; except for a small addition to the rear that consists of a porch and kitchen, it is rectangular in layout. Inside, the two floors have similar plans: a center hallway with a stairway is surrounded by four rooms of equal sizes. An attic sits above the upper story. In its early years, the house was one of two buildings on the property: a small summer house was erected behind the main residence for the use of the farm&#39;s employees.</p><br>
<p>George Stumpf chose an elaborate form of the Italianate style of architecture for his home. Aside from the increased height needed by its unusually high attic, the house is a textbook example of the style: it features wide eaves with large wooden brackets, a hip roof, corbelling below the attic, and rounded arch windows. Measuring five bays wide, the facade includes shorter attic windows, a recessed entrance with a heavy wooden front door, and two large chimneys. Virtually none of the house has seen significant modifications, except for the small addition on the rear: this has seen the replacement of its original gable window, the addition of casement and aluminum storm windows to the kitchen, and the enclosure of the porch. Although the houses interior deteriorated over the twentieth century, it remained one of the areas best Italianate structures. It includes many design features common to large Italianate houses in Indiana, such as the symmetrical floor plan with a five-bay facade.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, the Stumpf House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of five National Register-listed locations in Perry Township, along with the main administration building of the University of Indianapolis, the Hanna-Ochler-Elder House, the Homecroft Historic District, and the Old Southport High School.</p><br>
<p>Dinnie Apartments is a building in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1994. Dinnie Apartments is included in the Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District, which was listed on the NRHP in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was the first block of "spacious and elegant" townhouses built in Grand Forks at the turn-of-the-century. It was built in 1903 as four townhouses, in Classical Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The south side of the city at that time was being populated by "wealthy merchants" during the Second Dakota Boom.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the firm of Dinnie Brothers.</p><br>
<p>The Ost Valle Bridge is a bridge near Thompson, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It crosses an unnamed tributary of the Red River, about one mile west of the Red River itself. It is "one of the two oldest documented bridges in Grand Forks County that were built by long-term county bridge builder, the Jardine & Anderson".</p><br>
<p>It was probably built in 1910, based on examining county records.</p><br>
<p>It includes Pratt through truss design/architecture.</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a study of Historic Roadway Bridges of North Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The William W. Johnson House in Franklin, Tennessee, along with the James Scales House, another Williamson County house, are notable as late 19th century central passage plan residences that "display period decoration at eaves and porch." It has been described as I-house architecture.</p><br>
<p>The 1.5 acre property, including two contributing buildings and two contributing structures, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Dates of historic significance for the property include c.1820, c.1840, and c.1875.</p><br>
<p>-----&gt</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank is a five-story building in Grand Forks, North Dakota, that was built in 1914–15 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was built for the Scandinavian-American Bank, but has been identified as the First National Bank building since 1929.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When it was founded, the Scandinavian-American Bank had its offices in the Metropolitan Opera House in Grand Forks. The new bank building was constructed in 1914–15 and occupied in 1915. When the bank later obtained a charter as a national bank, it took the name Northwestern National Bank. In 1929, it merged with the First National Bank, and the combined bank located in this building. First National Bank failed in 1933, during the Great Depression, but was replaced by a new First National Bank entity that later became Alerus Financial in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The building is located on a corner lot, approximately 90 by in size, at the intersection of DeMers Avenue and North Fourth Street. It is considered an "outstanding example" of the use of Classical Revival architecture in the context of a large commercial building. The two sides that face the street have two-part facades in which the lower two stories are fronted by rusticated ashlar piers built on top of polished granite blocks and the three upper stories are faced with red brick. The top of the building is decorated with a stone cornice.</p><br>
<p>The property was included in a 1981 study of the historical resources of downtown Grand Forks. It was damaged by flooding and fire in the 1997 Red River flood; it is the only building on the block that was not demolished as a result of flooding and fire.</p><br>
<p>The J. Nelson Kelly House is a building in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The property is also known as Lord Byron&#39;s Bed and Breakfast and denoted as 32 GF 1387.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built from a catalog design and was the home of James Nelson Kelly (1858 - 1934) who was the first superintendent of Grand Forks high school (1894-1919).</p><br>
<p>It was designed by George Franklin Barber (1854–1915) and was built by A. F. Turner. It includes Colonial Revival and Queen Anne architecture.</p><br>
<p>Grand Forks station is a property in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as the Northern Pacific Depot and Freight House. It was used both as a passenger station and a freight warehouse/depot by the Northern Pacific Railway.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1929 and includes Tudor Revival architecture. The listing was for an area of less than one acre with just one contributing building.</p><br>
<p>The listing is described in its North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey document. It is one of two "outstanding" buildings, both one story, that "represent the Tudor Revival", within the Downtown Grand Forks area whose historic resources were surveyed in 1981; the Lyons Garage is the other. Both are "done in polychrome brick of yellow and red".</p><br>
<p>The Hook and Ladder No. 1 and Hose Co. No. 2 is a property in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is locally significant as one of two fire stations built by the city in 1907. The other, at time of NRHP nomination, was condemned.</p><br>
<p>It is no longer used as a fire station. and</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.</p><br>
<p>The Red River Bridge was a truss bridge crossing the Red River at Garland, Arkansas. It carried vehicular traffic from 1931 to 1990 and has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The southwest corner of Arkansas was cut off from the rest of the state by the Red River, which was crossed only by ferries and one railroad bridge until the twentieth century. The bridge at Garland was designed by state highway engineer Ira G. Hedrick in October 1927 and located along the old military road from El Dorado to Texarkana (later to become part of USA Route 82). Hedrick&#39;s design included three 300 ft through spans of Pennsylvania truss.</p><br>
<p>The winning bid for construction was submitted by the Kansas City Bridge Company, which was given the contract in September 1929. Construction activities for the bridge disturbed traffic through Garland, and this period was marked by conflict between state highway authorities and the city. (The new bridge also threatened the ferry business owned by Garland&#39;s Mayor Beasley.) The spans (though not the approaches) were complete by the morning of September 3, 1930, when two dynamite blasts threw the central span from its piers and into the river, doing $150,000 of damage. The motive was thought to be either resentment over the use of non-union labor on the bridge or an attempt to protect the local ferry business. A highway worker arrested in December and was convicted of dynamiting the bridge, but the man he accused of hiring him was acquitted, and no other persons were brought to trial for the crime. The bridge was repaired and opened, without ceremony, on July 15, 1931. Originally opened as a toll bridge, the Arkansas General Assembly made all bridges in the state free in 1938.</p><br>
<p>In later years, the bridge proved inadequate to support heavy truck traffic on USA Route 82. A steel support system was added to the east end in 1986, but the bridge continued to suffer from spalling concrete on the piers. The bridge was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in 1988. A new bridge was constructed upstream to carry USA Route 82 so that the old bridge could be closed. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, but was in very poor condition, and it was ultimately demolished and removed from the National Register in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Clayborn Temple, formerly Second Presbyterian Church, is a historic place in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for local architectural significance. It was upgraded to national significance under Clayborn Temple in 2017 due to its role in the events of the Sanitation Workers&#39; Strike of 1968. The historic structure was sold to the A.M.E. Church in 1949, which named the building after their bishop.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1888, the congregation of Second Presbyterian Church decided to purchase a lot on the corner of Pontotoc and Hernando for the construction of its new building. Ground was broken for the construction on February 2, 1891, and the cornerstone of the church was laid on May 14. Sunday, January 1, 1893, the church had its dedication service. All the presbyterian pastors of the city joined the congregation for the service.</p><br>
<p>The congregation moved to East Memphis and sold the building to the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1949. Throughout the 1960s, Clayborn Temple became the city&#39;s staging ground for the civil rights movement, particularly the organizing headquarters of the Memphis Sanitation Strike.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1891, this Romanesque Revival ecclesiastical architecture has cross gabled roofs, constructed of limestone blocks, rusticated externally with heavy timber framing members forming the roof trusses, nave ceiling with wood beams that are suspended from the roof trusses by 2 x 4 studs. It has several unique features, for instance the chancel is situated in the corner rather that the center of the sanctuary. When Second Presbyterian dedicated its new sanctuary on January 1, 1892, it was the largest church in America south of the Ohio River.</p><br>
<h2>Civil Rights Movement</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the 1960s, Clayborn Temple became the city&#39;s staging ground for the civil rights movement. In Memphis, the link between racial and economic injustices in the city became increasingly apparent. Memphis Labor Unions had tried for years to reform Memphis Public Works policies that included discrimination, unfair working conditions, and drastically insufficient wages. The deaths of two city sanitation workers, Echol Cole and Robert Walker on February 1, 1968, united the Sanitation Workers, labor unions, religious communities, and the black middle class to work together and create a grassroots movement in Memphis.</p><br>
<p>On February 12, 1968, 1,300 Sanitation Workers went on strike from Memphis City Department of Public Works, led by T.O. Jones, a union organizer for AFSCME Local 1733, and Jerry Wurf, the national president of AFSCME. From this day forward, the strikers marched 1.3 miles each day from Clayborn Temple to City Hall. As they marched, other local organizations began to partner with them, preventing the Sanitations Workers’ families from ever going hungry. These organizations included the Mallory Knights, the Invaders, and Community On the Move for Equality (C.O.M.E.), which was a group of 150 local ministers led by Reverend James Lawson. In the middle of this struggle for justice were Clayborn Temples ministers. Rev. Ralph Jackson, the director of the A.M.E. Minimum Salary building next door to Clayborn, gave impassioned speeches to the supporters of the strike at Clayborn. The most consistent white supporter of the movement was Clayborns pastor, Rev. Malcolm Blackburn. He opened Clayborn&#39;s offices, classrooms, and sanctuary to host the strategy meetings and community gatherings throughout the strike. In March 1968, after weeks of marching to City Hall from Clayborn Temple, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., came to Memphis in support of the sanitation workers’ efforts. He had been invited by Reverend Lawson and C.O.M.E. to shine a national spotlight on their efforts in the fight for economic justice. Dr. King and organizers of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) helped to plan a strategic march with Dr. King leading the way.</p><br>
<p>On Thursday, March 28, marchers began gathering at Clayborn Temple in anticipation of Dr. King. Nearly 15,000 marchers participated. Students from Memphis schools left the classroom to join the march. He arrived around 11:05 am, and they began the march with King and the sanitation workers, who had been marching this same path for weeks, in the front, while youths ran about throughout the march, pressing to get to the front.</p><br>
<p>After marching only half a mile, the youth&#39;s agitation, derived from a rumor that the police had killed a Hamilton High Student earlier that morning, erupted into vandalism, looting, and rioting. The police reacted brutally to the riot, launching against both nonviolent protesters and the youth. Reverend Lawson and Reverend Jackson urged protesters to return to Clayborn Temple. The marchers retreated to Clayborn Temple, while police surrounded the building. “The interior of Clayborn looked like the aftermath of a war,” Kathy Pittman Black reported. The entire building was filled with many injured and terrified protesters. The police attacked those that tried to the leave the church with mace, tear gas, and clubs. At one point, police even entered the church, swinging clubs and shooting tear-gas canisters.</p><br>
<p>The day ended as 4,000 heavily armed National Guardsmen troops poured into the city. Two hundred eighty people had been arrested during the riot, and 60 were reported injured. One sixteen-year-old boy, Larry Payne died at the hands of a police officer that day, shot in the stomach after being suspected of looting. Payne&#39;s funeral was held in Clayborn Temple on April 2, 1968, and Rev. Harold Middlebrook said, "We really felt his death was related to the movement." Despite police pressure to have a private closed-casket funeral in their home, the family held the funeral at Clayborn and had an open casket.</p><br>
<p>Dr. King was rushed back to his hotel when the strike erupted into a riot on March 28, 1968. He vowed he would return to Memphis to lead a successfully peaceful march. King returned to Memphis a week later, but was assassinated on April 4, 1968 before his second march from Clayborn took place. On April 16, a deal was finally negotiated for union recognition and better wages for the sanitation workers. The strike had come to an official end.</p><br>
<p>After Kings assassination, Clayborn Temple remained a key refuge and meeting place for the Memphis Civil Rights Movement. The church was used extensively during the 1969 Black Monday protests, led by Ezekiel Bell and the NAACP. Black Mondays were designed to secure African American representation on the school board and further desegregate the public schools. In November 1969, mass meetings were held at Clayborn Temple while thousands of protesters led by Dr. Kings successor, Reverend Ralph Abernathy, marched from the church which remained the epicenter of the Black Monday demonstrations until late November when a compromise was reached, with two African Americans appointed to the school board.</p><br>
<h2>Disrepair and Restoration</h2><br>
<p>As Clayborn&#39;s congregation began to grow smaller and smaller, the upkeep of the magnificent building was hard to manage. Eventually, though, the congregation moved from Clayborn, and it was left vacant by the AME for over a decade.</p><br>
<p>Having been vacant for a number of years, a group of Memphians began the process of rehabilitating the church in October 2015. The project is expected to be completed in 2026, and will include a museum and courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The Larimore City Hall is a building in Larimore, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It "may be described as a two-and-a-half story rectangular structure of red-painted buff brick which rises to a hipped roof."</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1890, and five years later was also dubbed the Larimore Opera House, as it had by then housed multiple concerts and stage events.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Grand Forks architect John W. Ross, the first licensed architect in the area. It was built by M.J. Moran, contractor. It was the first brick structure in the community and is the oldest surviving civic building. It includes Colonial Revival, Georgian Revival and other architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Edgar Building is a building in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its erection date is unclear.</p><br>
<p>It included Zig zag moderne architecture.</p><br>
<p>The listing was for an area of less than one acre with just one contributing building.</p><br>
<p>The listing is described in its North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey document. and</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Finks and Gokey Block, built in 1881, is "one of the earliest brick commercial buildings" in Grand Forks, North Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Its second floor was remodeled by architect John W. Ross.</p><br>
<p>The listing is described in its North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey document, and it was covered in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Grand Forks City Hall is a building in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1911.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Grand Forks architect John W. Ross and was built by Northern Construction & Engineering.</p><br>
<p>In a 1981 survey of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources, it was stated this building "is pure Beaux Arts. Rather small in scale and only two storys over a raised basement, the City Hall is faced with ashlar and was similar in mass, style, and materials to the recently razed Carnegie Library which was located nearby."</p><br>
<p>The listing was for an area of less than one acre with just the one building.</p><br>
<p>Grand Forks County Courthouse is a Beaux Arts style building in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is a "richly decorated white limestone structure in a modified Classical Revival style, topped with a massive cast iron dome."</p><br>
<p>It was built between 1913 and 1914 and designed by Buechner & Orth, a Minnesotan architecture firm. The courthouse is identified as the largest and most expensive of thirteen B&O-designed county courthouses in North Dakota built from 1905 until 1919. (main body of document, not including selected pages)</p><br>
<p>Considerable additional detail on the building is provided in its NRHP nomination document. (pages 7.8 and 7.9 of TR study) and The NRHP listing was for just the one contributing building, with no specific property area identified.</p><br>
<p>Grand Forks County Fairgrounds WPA Structures is a collection of five structures within the Grand Forks County Fairgrounds in Grand Forks, North Dakota, that were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The structures are the fairgrounds entrance gate, ticket kiosk, administration building, and cairns, all built from stone, as well as the fairgrounds grandstand. They are located on the grounds of the Grand Forks State Fair Grounds and are associated with the River Cities Speedway. "The five remaining structures have been recognized as historically significant, examples of the importance of county and state fairs to local culture and social history."</p><br>
<p>The structures were built between 1936 and 1939 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). USA President Franklin D. Roosevelt attended the 1937 dedication ceremony for the Grand Forks County Fairgrounds grandstand, which was designed by Grand Forks architect Theodore B. Wells and was considered to be innovative in its design.</p><br>
<p>Steve C. Martens, an architect and North Dakota State University professor, wrote the NRHP nomination. He commented extensively at a public hearing describing the importance of the structures. According to Martens, the project was the largest WPA project in the state.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the listed structures included three contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and one contributing object. The nominated listing covers an area of 51 acre. The listing is described as including Art Deco and WPA Rustic Fieldstone architecture. and</p><br>
<p>----&gt</p><br>
<p>Castle Apartments was a historic apartment building in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, which was destroyed by fire in 2009. It was located on the southeast corner of 15th Street and Central Avenue, roughly halfway between Downtown and Old Town, and took its name from the Huning Castle mansion, which originally stood on the other side of 15th Street.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1922, it was a two-story, U-shaped building with a central courtyard and 20 residential units ranging in size from 600 to 750 square feet. The architects were Trost & Trost of El Paso, with George P. Hill. The Castle Apartments were added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1985 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The apartments were built in 1922 by Arno Huning, the son of well known local businessman Franz Huning. At the time, the city was growing rapidly and there was an increasing demand for new apartment housing. Huning built the apartments on a piece of his late fathers estate near the Huning Castle mansion, for which the building was named. The apartments cost approximately $75,000, a significant amount for the time. Contemporary advertisements reported that the apartments would "help to fill a long felt need in this city in providing homes for those of the most exacting requirements. The architect, while not restricted as to cost, has not permitted fancy to wander at random but has kept his product within the bounds of refined elegance." Due to the buildings high quality of construction, it remained a fashionable address through much of its history.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Castle Apartments were designed by the El Paso firm of Trost & Trost with George P. Hill. It was a U-shaped, two-story building with a central courtyard opening onto Central Avenue. The front elevation was symmetrical, with two projecting entrance bays on each of the side wings and one in the center, all topped with triangular pediments. Other ornamentation was restrained, consisting of simple string course and cornice moldings and a subtly crenellated parapet. The exterior walls were finished with cream-colored stucco and contained over 100 original wood-framed sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The apartments consisted of 20 one- and two-bedroom units ranging in size from 600 to 750 square feet (56–70 m). Each unit had 9 ft ceilings, hardwood floors, and central steam heating provided by a boiler in the southwest corner of the building. The second-floor units were accessed by interior staircases, while the first-floor units could be entered directly from the courtyard as well as from the interior landings. At the time of the building&#39;s destruction, the interior trim and hardware was largely original. Also on the property was an original 10-unit garage building.</p><br>
<h2>Fire and aftermath</h2><br>
<p>The Castle Apartments fire began around 8 pm on August 4, 2009, and quickly spread throughout the entire building via the shared attic space. Thirteen fire trucks and around 50 firefighters responded to the scene, fighting the blaze for nearly a full day before it was extinguished. No one was injured in the fire, but the historic apartments were gutted.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s owners initially expressed optimism that it could be restored, but were unable to find a financially viable means of doing so. Eventually, the burned-out structure was demolished in July 2010. The site was redeveloped and is now occupied by a bank building.</p><br>
<p>Televised footage of the fire was used by AMC&#39;s Albuquerque-based television series Breaking Bad to represent the crash of airliner Wayfarer 515 (season 3, episode 1, "No Más").</p><br>
<p>The Praetorian Building is a historic 7-story building located at 601 Franklin Avenue in Waco, McLennan County, Texas. Designed by the Dallas architectural firm of C. W. Bulger & Co. in the Chicago school or Modern style of architecture, it was built in 1915 by Hughes O&#39;Rourke Construction to house the Praetorian Insurance Company whose main office, the Praetorian Building in Dallas, had been designed by C. E. Bulger in 1905. Other names the building has borne over the years include the Franklin Tower, Service Mutual Building in 1934, Southwestern Building in 1956 , and Williams Tower from 1989 to 1996. Today, the building houses apartments, retail, and office space.</p><br>
<p>Forest Park is a Victorian garden district located in Springfield, Massachusetts, developed between 1880 and 1920. It is the city&#39;s most populous neighborhood, and surrounds the 735-acre Forest Park, for which the neighborhood is named. The Forest Park neighborhood has nature and recreation within walking distance. To the west, I-91 separates Forest Park from the Connecticut River. A 195-acre section of the neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as the Forest Park Heights Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The 600-house Forest Park Heights Historic District was developed between 1890 and 1910, and includes gracious Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Queen Anne, and Shingle Style homes. This neighborhood was named one of the Northeast&#39;s "Best Old House Neighborhoods" by This Old House in 2010. East of the park is the Trafton Road area with Colonials and Tudors dating from the 1920s. Further east in this tree-filled neighborhood are pockets of American Craftsman style houses and more Colonials.</p><br>
<p>Within the park for which the neighborhood is named are a zoo, walking and hiking trails, promenades, playgrounds, lakes and ponds, a formal rose garden, the Barney Carriage House, sculptures, baseball diamonds, basketball courts, tennis courts, bocce courts, lawn bowling fields, and a hockey arena, Cyr Arena. During the winter holiday season, the park features a lighting display, Bright Nights, a 2.6-mile trail of large, intricate, animated lighting displays. The 18-hole Franconia Municipal Golf Course is also in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Georgetown, on the Longmeadow town line, is the neighborhood&#39;s largest condominium complex, and there are smaller condo complexes in the area.</p><br>
<p>Forest Park also contains a branch library, the Jewish Community Center, and a commercial district known as the "X," at the intersection of Sumner Avenue, Belmont Avenue, and Dickinson Street.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Square is a neighborhood located in Springfield, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>A predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood with several parks, Memorial Square is within walking distance to Springfields three nationally ranked hospitals, Baystate Medical Center, Shriners Children&#39;s Hospital, and Mercy Medical.</p><br>
<p>Always a neighborhood of immigrants, Memorial Square was a primarily Greek neighborhood from the Industrial Revolution until the Great Latino Immigration of the 1980s-present. The architecturally brilliant St. Georges Greek Orthodox Cathedral, founded in 1907, built in 1940, is a testament to Memorial Squares past as a vibrant Greek enclave.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as the Memorial Square District.</p><br>
<p>The Old Bartow County Courthouse built in 1869 is an historic stately redbrick Italianate style building located at 4 East Church Street in Cartersville, Bartow County, Georgia, United States. Built as Bartow County&#39;s second courthouse and the first in Cartersville, it proved to be unsatisfactory because court proceedings had to be halted while trains passed by on the nearby railroad. It was replaced in 1902 by the third Bartow County Courthouse located nearby. The building was then either vacant or used as a warehouse until December 2010 when it became the Bartow History Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Prairie Creek Fish Hatchery near Orick, Humboldt County, California was one of the first small local fish hatcheries developed to improve the area&#39;s sport and commercial fishing, and is one of only three remaining hatcheries built in California from 1871 to 1946.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During a survey conducted by north coast streams in 1927, coast cutthroat trout eggs were discovered on Lost Man Creek above the confluence with Prairie Creek. About a year later, traps and a temporary hatchery were built. By the spring of 1928, they had 30 troughs for the 208,000 Coho salmon and 1,400,000 steelhead eggs collected. The constant stream of fresh water needed was delivered through 12-inch flume that was nearly 2,500 feet long from behind a dam on Lost Man Creek.</p><br>
<p>The early success of the temporary hatchery resulted in the continuation of the hatchery experiment during the early 1930s and hatchery steelhead, cutthroat trout, Coho salmon, and King salmon, were released to the wild.</p><br>
<p>The site of the temporary hatchery was abandoned and the present hatchery was completely rebuilt in 1936 on approximately the same footprint as the 62-acre historic district with the five buildings and seven contributing structures recognized today: the hatchery, superintendents house, assistants house, sidewalks, garage shop, shed, pipeline stream crossing, and four of the round outdoor water tanks. The fifth tank was added later. Several buildings were reworked and removed over the time of operation and the dam and reservoir were removed in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The hatchery continued production of trout and salmon during the 1940s, but as the water supply deteriorated as mechanized logging increased following World War II. Humboldt County began operating the hatchery in 1957. The property was conveyed to Humboldt County by the California State Assembly on 15 September 1961 and continued operation until 31 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Indomitable salmon</h2><br>
<p>On 2 December 1964, Hatchery Superintendent Ken Johnson found a 2-year-old marked coho salmon swimming in a tank of newborn fish, exactly where he had been raised two years earlier. To reach the tank, he had to travel from the Pacific Ocean up Redwood Creek, turn into Lost Man Creek, run up a ditch, through a 1.5 ft culvert under Highway 101, through a storm sewer, and up the hatchery waste water through a 4 in drainage pipe, making a 90 degree turn and a 2.5 ft vertical jump inside the pipe. Finally, he rammed through an overhead wire mesh screen, probably by jumping, to get into the rearing pond.</p><br>
<p>The fish was rapidly nicknamed Indomitable by the local press. Looking for how he got into the tank, workers found 72 more marked coho jack salmon of the same age class stuck in the flume or drainage pipe on the way to the hatchling pond. The story of Indomitable received massive press coverage, inspired a book, and continues to be cited as one of the amazing feats of animal migration.</p><br>
<p>From 1974 to 1992 two large redwood sculptures of Indomitable were sequentially mounted outside the hatchery. The first, a 22 ft, two-ton sculpture by Floyd Davis of Gasquet, California was made and installed in 1974 after fundraising efforts by System 99 Vice-president Ed Henke. In 1992, this sculpture was judged too weathered to be displayed. Following donations by Arcata Redwood Company, Miller Farms Saw Shop and Humboldt County Supervisor, Anna Sparks, the second fish was carved on site by Mark Leppanen of Arcata. When the Hatchery was closed on 31 October 1992, the second sculpture was removed and stored at the Arcata/Eureka airport until 14 October 1997 when the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors sold it to the North Coast Co-op grocery store in Arcata for $5,005 and displayed inside the store. Still at Prairie Creek are Indomitables mounting pole, concrete pad and dedication marker. The original Davis sculpture was sold by the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors and is currently installed outside Bucks of Woodside restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The James Boggs Tannehill House is a historic residence in Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1892, it was the home of two of Muskingum County&#39;s leading citizens in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Tannehill House is a weatherboarded building with a slate roof, a foundation of sandstone, and elements of brickwork. Featuring a large front gable, the house is three stories tall and has a large front porch. It is one of the area&#39;s oldest Colonial Revival buildings, for that style was only beginning to become popular in 1892.</p><br>
<h2>Tannehills</h2><br>
<p>Born in Belmont County, Ohio in 1827, James Boggs Tannehill gained prominence during the Civil War as the captain of a company of Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Although he lived more than forty years after the end of the war, he retained the title of "captain" in the popular mind. In the early 1870s, he moved from his Marietta-vicinity home to Muskingum County; there, he became a prominent farmer and was eventually elected president of a local farmers society. As he aged, Tannehill chose to move into Zanesville, where he built the present residence as a retirement home in his sixty-fifth year; there he remained until his death in 1909. After his death, his son P. H. Tannehill continued to live on the property; a well-known local attorney, he was elected to the countys common pleas court in 1932, retaining his judgeship until his death in 1948.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, the James Boggs Tannehill House and a related outbuilding were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places. One of dozens of Zanesville buildings to have been given this distinction, it qualified for inclusion both because of its architecture and its place as the home of the prominent Tannehills. Perhaps its most important element is its place as an early example of the Colonial Revival movement: when Captain Tannehill ordered the houses construction, this style was yet very rare and unknown in general society. Having changed very little since its construction, the Tannehill House is one of the areas best Colonial Revival structures of any date.</p><br>
<p>Casa Romantica, officially known as the Casa Romantica Cultural Center and Gardens, is a historic building in San Clemente, California. It was the home of Ole Hanson who co-founded the city of San Clemente. Casa Romantica was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Casa Romantica Cultural Center and Gardens is a non-profit 501(c)3 organization that provides cultural programs at the site. The organization was founded in 2002 by a charter of the City of San Clemente.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Ole Hanson, a real estate developer and one-time mayor of Seattle, visited San Clemente in the early 1920s and chose the site to create his ideal community, a "Spanish Village by the Sea". On December 6, 1925, Hanson persuaded people who had driven from Los Angeles and the surrounding areas for a free chicken dinner and a sales pitch to buy more than 300 lots in what then was a desolate landscape remote from the rest of southern California. Hanson and co-founder H.H. Cotton devised San Clemente as one of the first master-planned cities in California, with town boundaries consisting of roughly five miles of coastline by one mile from the shores to the inland hills.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, Hanson commissioned architect Carl Lindbom, who also designed La Casa Pacifica (the former Western White House), to design a seven-bedroom, seven-bathroom house for his family on a site overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The foundation for the house was built by Oscar Easley, who did much of the street grading for San Clemente and also established the Oscar Easley Block, which later became City Hall. Construction was completed in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Lindbom used an eclectic "Spanish Revival" style with the main entrance to the house taking the form of a moon gate. An octagonal tower served as Hanson&#39;s study. The roof tiles were hand-made Mexican "thigh tiles". Floors are pegged hardwood, and all tiles for the hallways were imported from Italy. The sliding glass doors and provision of a bathroom for each bedroom were unusual for the 1920s. A pool in the courtyard was stocked with colorful fish and the gardens with exotic birds.</p><br>
<h3>Later ownership</h3><br>
<p>Hanson&#39;s vision of a master-planned Spanish village prospered until the Great Depression. In 1934, the Bank of America foreclosed on the Casa Romantica. Hanson paid his $3 million debt by transferring $12 million in mortgages to the bank.</p><br>
<p>Beginning with Hanson, the estate has been owned or operated by at least seven individuals or organizations, and has been renamed at least three times.</p><br>
<h3>Listing on the National Register of Historic Places and opening as cultural center</h3><br>
<p>After an appeal by the San Clemente Historical Society to the City of San Clemente, the San Clemente Redevelopment Agency purchased Casa Romantica in 1989. The estate and gardens were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 1991.</p><br>
<p>For the next several years, its proposed use was debated, but in November 2001 the city council voted to designate it as a cultural center with a mixture of public and private funding. The vote was swayed by a $1.25 million anonymous donation through the Orange County Community Foundation earmarked for use for a cultural arts or educational center. After renovation, Casa Romantica Cultural Center and Gardens opened its doors to the public in 2003.</p><br>
<h3>2023 landslides</h3><br>
<p>Cracks were discovered in the hillside below the house on April 16, 2023. On April 25, the city council approved funding for a study on how to stabilize the hillside. On April 27, a landslide just below the patio caused it to separate and to slip more than 20 feet, together with the landscaping. Casa Romantica was closed until further notice. The landslide also displaced residents of a nearby apartment complex, and led to the suspension of rail services on the line below the hillside, including Metrolink service between Orange County and the Inland Empire in one direction and Oceanside in another. As of May 4, limited BNSF freight service had resumed with restricted speeds, and as of May 27, passenger service had also resumed on the Amtrak Pacific Surfliner and the Metrolink Orange County and Inland Empire–Orange County lines.</p><br>
<p>The city of San Clemente began emergency work to stabilize the hillside. The Casa Romantica Cultural Center planned to reopen parts of the estate as soon as late May, with some upcoming cultural events to be hosted off-site. Repairs were expected to cost at least $250,000 and a fundraising campaign was started.</p><br>
<p>Another landslide occurred on June 5, 2023, and rail service was again suspended. The city and transportation agencies are considering construction of a retaining wall at the base of the hill to protect the rail line. In July 2023, the Orange County Transportation Authority and the city of San Clemente are constructing the retaining wall. The tracks reopened on July 19, 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Organization</h2><br>
<p>Casa Romantica Cultural Center and Gardens is a non-profit 501(c)3 organization.</p><br>
<p>The center provides programs for all ages in arts, music, history, horticulture, and literature, including more than 60 concerts, workshops, classes, recitals, lectures, and other events per year. These include the Classical Music Festival and Academy and a specially commissioned version of Shakespeare&#39;s Hamlet.</p><br>
<p>Casa Romantica is a member of the American Horticultural Society. The 2.5 acres of gardens (half the original estate was sold in the mid-20th century) include some of Ole Hansen&#39;s original plantings made in 1927, and also a display of Native American plants used by the Acjachmen Indians.</p><br>
<p>Casa Romantica is used for special events including weddings, photography and videography shoots, and corporate events. It has been listed as a top Orange County destination in WeddingWire, Sunset magazine, The Knot, and AAA&#39;s Westways magazine.</p><br>
<p>The Ferndale Public Library was built in 1909 as a Carnegie Grant Library on donated land and supported by the city of Ferndale, California, until becoming part of the Humboldt County Library system in 1915. It is the only Carnegie Library in northwestern California still functioning as a Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The first free reading room in Ferndale opened 3 February 1896 on the ground floor of the Gilt Edge Building with books from the old town library and the Chapin library. The Ferndale Enterprise newspaper reported the hours of operation and added that "Smoking, loud talking, spitting on the floor, etc. will be strictly prohibited by the management," but by 12 February 1897 the reading room closed for lack of support.</p><br>
<p>November 30, 1904 a free public library reading room was set up in the Paine building at the corner of Main and Washington streets.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, on 18 April 1906, Ferndale was struck by the Great San Francisco earthquake. The Ferndale Enterprise reported that the Paine building was "twisted and the plate glass windows were demolished." The Gilt Edge building where the reading room had been was so completely ruined by the earthquake that it had to be demolished in 1908.</p><br>
<h2>The Carnegie Library</h2><br>
<p>The city council corresponded with James Bertram, an assistant of Andrew Carnegie in 1908 to obtain the Carnegie Foundation Grant for $8,000 which was equal to ten times the amount the town would contribute per year to support it.</p><br>
<p>Architect Warren Skellings of Eureka, California, designed a one-story reinforced concrete building in Classical Revival style to fit on a 40 foot by 40 foot area, deeded to the town of Ferndale by Adam Putnam, and according to the deed of transfer "if not so used, then to revert to the grantor." Construction was awarded to Ackerman and Ackerman of Eureka for $7,775.40 on April 12, 1909. Furnishings were extra so the city of Ferndale agreed to loan the extra money.</p><br>
<p>The Paine building was leased by a showman for a movie theater, and in May 1909 the library temporarily moved into the Brelle Building, at Main and Shaw Streets opposite the Knights of Pythias Castle, until the new library building was ready.</p><br>
<p>On 29 October 1909, a 6.0 magnitude earthquake centered a few miles southeast of town broke the large glass panes in the front of the Brelle building.</p><br>
<p>As the new building neared completion, citizens questioned why the building bore the label "Ferndale Library" instead of "Carnegie Library". The Ferndale Enterprise of 5 November 1909 explained that it was "the express wish of Mr. Carnegie that his name should be omitted. Some of the first of the library buildings made possible by his generosity bore his name, but on later ones this has been left off by his desire," and added that an "unostentatious" tablet would be placed inside the building with a hope "that gentleman will perhaps not object to our people commemorating his name."</p><br>
<p>Construction dragged on while a wood-burning furnace and electrical fittings were shipped and installed; the city council became concerned because they were also paying for the rental on the temporary facility at the Brelle Building, but on 15 March 1910 new the library building was accepted as ready for occupancy.</p><br>
<p>The library formally opened 2 April 1910. By 1911 the Ferndale Village Club ladies had begun to plant the grounds and installed cement walkways, but a neighbor&#39;s cattle kept escaping onto the library grounds and eating the plantings. In 1912, cattle-proof concrete walls were built and library trustees were able to repay the town the $264.40 loaned during construction. In a sign of increasing regionalisation in Humboldt County, the Ferndale Library became a branch of the Humboldt County Library System in 1915.</p><br>
<p>The building has been continually maintained. An updated furnace was added in 1926 and, in 1977, a rear addition enlarged the original building to include a children&#39;s room, a bathroom and storage, but the style and original furnishings were retained.</p><br>
<p>The Eureka and Ferndale Public Libraries were the only two Carnegie Grant libraries in northwestern California, but only the Ferndale Library is still functioning as a public library with original bookcases and furniture.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The James S. Trimble House is a historic residence in the village of Mount Gilead, Ohio, United States. The most significant house in the village, it was built in the middle of the nineteenth century, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Born in 1818 in Mount Vernon into one of the area&#39;s pioneer families, Trimble was a merchant in Mount Gilead, operating a shop on Main Street by 1848. Finding his wealth growing, Trimble paid less attention to his dry goods store, opening a warehouse and becoming involved in selling grain in the nearby village of Edison; as time passed, he also formed a bank.</p><br>
<p>Possessed of a large lot along Iberia Street in Mount Gilead, Trimble chose to build his house on the property in 1853. Constructed of brick, and designed by the architectural firm of Miller and Smith, it is the largest and most elaborate house in the village, due largely to its unusually high degree of preservation. Few ornate Italianate houses built before the Civil War remain in the area, and the large lot makes the house even more prominent in Mount Gilead, one of Ohio&#39;s smallest county seats. Trimble lived in the house for twenty-five years; in April 1878, his investments in other businesses proved ruinous when those businesses failed, and he was forced to sell the house in his bankruptcy. For many years after this event, it was the home of Perry Cook and his family; they sold it to another family in the 1940s, and it was purchased from that family by the local Presbyterian church in 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the James S. Trimble House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Fully 4 acre of land were designated as historic, and five different buildings in this area qualified as contributing properties. Trimble&#39;s home is one of four Mount Gilead properties to have received this distinction, and one of fifteen countywide.</p><br>
<p>The Hamm Brewing Company Beer Depot in East Grand Forks, Minnesota, United States, is a warehouse listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Hamms Brewery built their first cold-storage warehouse in East Grand Forks in 1890. In 1897, they moved to a larger depot, and then in 1907, they built the present building, which backed up to a railroad spur. The growing use of refrigerator cars at the end of the 19th century made it possible for more small breweries to ship their beer to larger markets. The Hamms depot was one of six such cold-storage warehouses on DeMers Avenue in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Pitkin County Courthouse is located on East Main Street  in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a large brick building erected in the late 19th century that serves as offices of Pitkin County&#39;s courts. A landmark of the city, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Like many courthouses, it has a statue of Lady Justice in the front. Unlike many of the other such statues, she is depicted without a blindfold. In the late 20th and 21st centuries, as Aspen became a popular destination for wealthy and famous people, the courthouse has seen several high-profile defendants and litigants, from Ted Bundy to Charlie Sheen.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is located on the north side of the block of East Main between Galena and Hunter streets, closer to the former on the west. Across the street is an open area around St. Mary&#39;s Catholic Church. A mix of commercial and residential properties and the Pitkin County Library are to the northwest and a small housing development lies to the east. is to the southeast on South Hunter. Two blocks west is another Aspen landmark, the Hotel Jerome. Aspen City Hall is a block away at South Galena and East Hopkins. The terrain slopes slightly toward the Roaring Fork River to the north.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-story brick structure on a stone foundation, raised to expose the basement.</p><br>
<p>On the 13-bay south (front) facade, the five-bay projecting entrance pavilion, itself with the center three bays projecting, is complemented by two lesser projections on the third and fourth bays from the center. Bricks are laid in stretcher bond. Stone belt courses provide sills and lintels the narrow one-over-one double-hung sash windows on the first story. Segmental arches of vertical brick, with keystones, spring from the lintels on the flanking projections.</p><br>
<p>The second-story windows are similarly treated but less restrained. All have segmental arches; the central window of the center pavilion, and the windows on the flanking ones, are combined under one larger arch with their transoms divided by the brick. Above them is a wide plain wooden frieze topped by a dentilled cornice at the roofline.</p><br>
<p>A pediment with doubled semicircular window and the same cornice treatment tops the middle three bays. Atop the other projecting sections are small solid wooden parapets with recessed panels alternating with fluting. The shallow hipped roof is pierced by two chimneys in the middle and a tall tower behind the front pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The lowest of the tower&#39;s four stages is a plain wooden section, topped with a cornice. The next two are united by a small pair of windows similar to those in the building, above a recessed panel and topped with a fanlight and pediment. On the second stage they are flanked by two wooden fluted pilasters; on the third by paneling and a spiral carving. The topmost stage is a peaked shingled roof with imitation miniature shed dormer windows.</p><br>
<p>At the entrance, stone steps rise up to a small, steeply gabled entrance projection faced in rough stone blocks. On the top is a silvery zinc statue of Lady Justice, without the blindfold common to many other depictions of her. Large wooden paneled double doors topped by an arched fanlight provide entrance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In the 1880s, Aspen went from an isolated mining camp on the far side of the Continental Divide to a city of over 10,000 people as a result of the Colorado Silver Boom. Pitkin County, named for then-Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin, was established in 1881. A small courthouse had been established at Cooper and Mill streets, but within ten years a larger one was needed. The county acquired five lots in May 1890 for a new building.</p><br>
<p>Great controversy surrounded the construction. There were accusations of corruption and favoritism. The county commissioners ignored calls to stop the project and went ahead with a design by Denver architect William Quayle. It was completed and opened early in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The statues painted silvery exterior reflects the silver mining that was the root of Aspens prosperity at that time. Why the blindfold was omitted is not known for certain. It has been humorously suggested that the commissioners, given the corruption allegations, decided Justice should be able to keep an eye on what was going on around her.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken in July 1890, and the new courthouse was finished and opened in January 1891. It was celebrated as a major civic accomplishment. Newspapers ran long, laudatory articles; many politicians gave speeches at the dedication ceremony, and a fireman&#39;s ball was held that night.</p><br>
<h3>Later years</h3><br>
<p>When Aspen&#39;s population declined after 1893 and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, the courthouse remained functioning as the seat of government. It continued to be used and maintained as the city slipped into its "quiet years", of the early 20th century and its population dropped to less than a thousand. As skiing revived the city following World War II, it would play a role in the cultural changes Aspen underwent in the latter half of the century.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 Hunter S. Thompson, considered the founder of gonzo journalism but then unknown, came to Aspen with $2 and decided to stay, eventually settling in nearby Woody Creek. He later became famous writing articles such as "The Battle of Aspen" for Rolling Stone about the hippies and other countercultures of the era drawn to Aspen by its natural setting and their indulgence in sex and recreational drug use. In 1970 he ran unsuccessfully for county sheriff, catalyzing a growing conflict between the newer and older, more conservative residents. As part of his platform he promised to "install, on the courthouse lawn, a bastinado platform and set of stocks—in order to punish dishonest dope dealers in a proper public fashion."</p><br>
<p>Two events at the courthouse in 1977 gained national attention. The previous year singer Claudine Longet had been arrested and charged with murder after fatally shooting her boyfriend, skier Spider Sabich. She claimed it had been an accident. Her trial at the courthouse in early 1977 garnered international media attention, particularly because of the presence at the trial of celebrities who had begun making Aspen a second home. One, Jack Nicholson, a friend of Longets, sat prominently behind the defense table in the courtroom every day of the trial. She was ultimately found guilty of a misdemeanor charge of negligent homicide, and spent three weeks in jail. Many longtime residents, in addition to believing Longet had been punished too lightly, came to consider the attention drawn to Aspen by the trial, and Nicholsons presence in particular, as the beginning of Aspen&#39;s conversion from a plain, unpretentious ski town to glamorous Hollywood satellite community.</p><br>
<p>Another 1976 homicide in the area put the courthouse in the national spotlight again later in 1977. On June 7, serial killer Ted Bundy, already serving a state prison sentence in Utah for kidnapping, was taken to Aspen to be tried for the murder of Caryn Campbell outside Snowmass the previous year. A onetime law student, he had chosen to represent himself, and thus was not shackled or handcuffed. During a recess in the proceedings, he went to the courthouse&#39;s law library on the second floor, ostensibly to review a map of the area prosecutors had introduced as evidence against him. As soon as he was alone he jumped out the window, 25 ft above the ground, and fled into the mountains and wilderness around the city. His attempt to reach Crested Butte to the south failed, and he was recaptured in Aspen a week later.</p><br>
<p>Thirteen years later, another trial drew national attention. This time Thompson, who had once attempted to make the courthouse his workplace in his bid for sheriff, came to it as a defendant. Prosecutors had searched his Woody Creek home after porn-film director Gail Palmer told them he had grabbed her by the breasts after she refused to join him in a hot-tub party; they found drugs and some explosive devices. Thompson was charged with five felonies. During the months leading to the trial, Thompson&#39;s fans and supporters demonstrated outside the courthouse; late in 1990 the charges were dismissed over concerns the evidence against the journalist had been obtained through an unconstitutional search.</p><br>
<p>By 2010 the courthouse had been remodeled and upgraded. It still lacked the capacity to accommodate large crowds. In 2009 actor Charlie Sheen was charged with several felonies after allegedly holding a knife to the throat of wife Brooke Mueller on Christmas Day in their rented Aspen home. In advance of his appearances at the courthouse in summer of that year, where he eventually pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, the city and county imposed limitations on access to the courthouse and media presence in the courtroom. Judge James Boyd issued a Decorum Order limiting attendance at the hearings to the courtrooms legal capacity of 60. The media was further limited to 20 seats, four of which were reserved for Aspens local media and the remaining 16 allocated by lottery. He specifically alluded to the building&#39;s age to justify those limitations.</p><br>
<p>The Burton Store is a historic building in Tappan, New York, located within the bounds of the Tappan Historic District. Once functioning as Tappans general store, it has been occupied since 1985 by chiropractor Lawrence Forgacs Tappan Professional Center. The Burton Store is one of two buildings in the district constructed in the Colonial Revival style, the other being the nearby Borcher&#39;s Stable, located at 2 Oak Tree Road just beyond The Old 76 House. This was the last building phase during the period of significance in the early twentieth century as recognized by the Tappan Historic District. It is located adjacent to The Old 76 House and across the street from The Manse Barn. The Burton Store is described by Alicia A. Jettner in the National Register of Historic Places as follows:</p><br>
<p>"This is a large one-story flat-roofed building with narrow clapboard siding and details in the Colonial Revival mode. Glazed double doors are flanked by large transom and side lights. On both sides of the entrance are paired store windows with panels below. The dropped cornice has a denticulated frieze with triglyphs similar to those of the mid-1830 buildings in the district. It was originally called "The Apartment House" and stood approximately one block west of its present location. It was moved in the early 1920s and became the grocery store of Burton & Sons. It had restoration work done in 1982-1983. There is a large, contributing one story clapboard-sided shed, which stands to the south of this building. It is almost the same length as the Burton Store and one room deep. This building appears to date to an earlier period than the Burton Store and was probably on the property prior to the move of the store to this lot."</p><br>
<p>The Central Court Historic District is a historic district and neighborhood of the city of Indianapolis in northern Center Township, Marion County, Indiana, United States. Built around Central Court near the intersection of 36th Street and Central Avenue, the neighborhood consists of seventy-five buildings over an area of 7.6 acre.</p><br>
<p>Central Court was platted in 1916 by Oscar A. Jose and Peter J. Balz, local real estate developers who also created such neighborhoods as Meridian Park to the southwest and the neighborhood lining Fall Creek Parkway between Thirty-eighth and Thirtieth Streets. They employed a range of architectural styles for the houses in the neighborhood, including American Craftsman, Colonial Revival, Dutch Colonial Revival, and Prairie School. Many designs were used multiple times in the neighborhood, which has been recognized as one of the area&#39;s better examples of early twentieth-century residential architecture. They built forty-seven houses around the U-shaped Central Court and along Thirty-sixth Street and Central Avenue; seven face Central Avenue, ten face Thirty-sixth Street, and thirty face Central Court.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Central Court was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is by far the smallest historic district in its portion of the city, being dwarfed by areas such as Meridian Park a short distance to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Oliver Johnsons Woods is a historic district and neighborhood on the northern side of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Located in southern Washington Township, the district occupies the site of what was once the family farm of Oliver Johnson. Born on the present site of the Indiana State Fairgrounds, Johnson grew up in a pioneer family that lived on the edge of the state capital city. Upon attaining adulthood, he bought property a short distance to the west, and he tilled the soil for most of the rest of his life. As Indianapolis grew northward, it reached the Johnson farm in the early twentieth century; the aged farmer and his sons saw the citys growth as an opportunity for financial gain, and in 1905 they announced the platting of 0.25 square miles of their property into individual lots.</p><br>
<p>Houses in the district generally feature architectural styles that were popular in the early twentieth century, such as the Colonial Revival, the Tudor Revival, the Arts and Crafts, the American Foursquare, and the Prairie School. Many of the district&#39;s Colonial Revival houses were constructed by William F. Nelson, who acted both as architect and as general contractor for these projects. Standing out from all other houses in the district is the original Johnson farmhouse; now known as the Johnson-Denny House, it originally faced Central Avenue, but its new owner relocated it to face Park Avenue while the surrounding land was being developed in 1919. Other buildings were once located around the house, but they have not survived.</p><br>
<p>Today, Oliver Johnsons Woods is surrounded by the Meridian-Kessler neighborhood, and it remains the wooded middle-class neighborhood that it was originally planned to be. In 1979, the Johnson-Denny House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it was seen as eligible because of its place in local history and because of its well-preserved historic architecture. Twenty-five years later, all of Oliver Johnsons Woods was designated a historic district and added to the Register because of its architecture and local historical importance. The area designated as historic encompasses approximately 40 acre; ninety-two different buildings within this zone qualified as contributing properties. Ninety of these buildings are houses; a 1999 historic preservation survey conducted by Indiana Landmarks ranked four of them as "outstanding," seventeen as "notable," and the other sixty-nine simply as "contributing."</p><br>
<p>St. James&#39; Episcopal Church is a Gothic Revival-styled Episcopal church built in 1867 - once a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee. In 1979 the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Today it is probably the oldest stone church remaining in Milwaukee.</p><br>
<p>St. James parish was founded in 1850 as a mission of St. Pauls Episcopal Church. In 1851 the congregation bought the land where todays church stands, which had been the site of Kilbourntowns Spring Street Burying Ground - the first cemetery on the west side of what would become Milwaukee. Many of the early settlers were Yankees, and many prominent people were members, with the first Episcopal service held in Increase Laphams store, and Alexander Mitchell serving on the parish&#39;s building committee.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the congregation built the stone church of today. It was designed by Gordon William Lloyd of Detroit in an English Gothic Revival style. The main block was built first, in 1867–68, with walls of Wauwautosa limestone, tall lancet openings, and clerestory windows above the side aisles. The square corner tower was added in 1870 to 1871, with corner buttresses and a wheel window that match those on the main block, and a tall broach spire topped with a cross.</p><br>
<p>A fire on December 31, 1872, destroyed the buildings interior, leaving only the walls and bell tower. The church reopened on April 19, 1874. In 1899 a parish house was added, designed by John Moller.</p><br>
<p>The church is adjacent to the Saint James Court Apartments and across from the Central Library. Both sites are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the congregation dwindled until the church held its final service on November 1, 2017 and was sold. In 2020 it reopened as a.</p><br>
<p>The Hanging Flume was an open water chute  built over the Dolores River Canyon in Colorado. The Montrose Placer Mining Company built the flume in the 1880s to facilitate gold mining. Some sections of the flume remain attached to the canyon wall, although much of the wood has vanished.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Montrose Placer Mining Company was formed to mine gold from placer deposits along the Dolores River. Hydraulic mining, a popular method of exploiting placer deposits, required water to be efficiently transported, often using wooden flumes to maintain the necessary volume and pressure. Cliffside flumes were developed in California, using trestles and brackets (called bents) at regular intervals to support the flume box.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Hanging Flume took three years, beginning in 1887. Approximately 24 workers most being Asian immigrants,suspended from ropes onto the cliff face. A derrick may also have been used. The construction used 1.8 million board feet of lumber and ended up with a total cost over $100,000. The timber used was mostly Ponderosa pine, a local tree, and it was supported using iron rods. The completed flume was approximately 12 mi long and up to 75 ft above the river. It began on a dam on the San Miguel River above Uravan, Colorado. The flume&#39;s opening (the headgate) no longer exists, and the connecting ditch has been filled.</p><br>
<p>The actual wooden flume was 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep. When in use, it conveyed 80,000,000 gallons of water each day.</p><br>
<p>The flume was only used for three years before being abandoned. The reason was that the mine itself was closed after the discovery that most of the gold was unrecoverable, and the investors in the project only made $80,000 after investing over $1,000,000 into the mine and associated engineering works. After the closure of the mine, local residents reused the timber.</p><br>
<h2>Research and conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Hanging Flume is in poor condition: it has been vandalized in places, some of its wood has been removed, and what remains has deteriorated, particularly where directly exposed to weather. The pine wood is vulnerable to decay and fungi. In April 2004, structural engineers rappelled down to the structure at seven locations to measure and evaluate it. They examined the design of the structure, particularly the bents, of which they identified five distinct types. This preliminary analysis is being used to consider a reconstruction of the flume incorporating the remaining structural elements.</p><br>
<p>The Moody Barn is a round barn in Chisago Lake Township, Chisago County, Minnesota, United States. The farm was first homesteaded in 1871 by Elof and Eva Modig, who emigrated from Sweden. The couple raised five children and grew wheat on their farm, as was common in the 1870s. By the 1890s Minnesota farming had begun to diversify, with cheese and butter production becoming popular and distributed by cooperative creameries. In 1915 Charles Moody, one of the sons, decided to build a modern round barn.</p><br>
<p>The barn is 56 ft in diameter and about the same in height. The interior contains a 42 ft silo. The first floor of the barn housed milk cows and their calves, while the second floor was used to store hay. Instead of the traditional red and white paint, the Moody barn was painted in a blue-gray color. The construction cost was $3200, with seven men paid $1 per day plus meals for the construction.</p><br>
<p>The accompanying farm house was moved from the west side of the road to the east side in 2004. The barn and farm house are now owned by the Chisago Lakes Township and managed by the Chisago County Historical Society. The barn has been repainted and reshingled, and is situated in the 25 acre Moody Lake Park. The barn is the last remaining round barn in Chisago County.</p><br>
<p>The George Haven House, also known as The Oaks, is a historic building located in Chatfield, Minnesota, United States. The Italianate house was built in 1874, and the Greek Revival cottage, also known as the Lucian Johnson House, was completed in 1892. It is next door to Oakenwald Terrace. At one time what is now three properties were on the same estate of Jason C. Easton. They are representative of the commercial and financial prosperity of Chatfield. The Hanson and Johnson houses were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Presidio de Béxar was a Spanish fort built near the San Antonio River, located in what is now San Antonio, Texas, in the United States. It was designed for protection of the mission San Antonio de Valero and the Villa de Béjar. The Presidio de Béxar was founded on May 5, 1718 by Spanish colonial official Martín de Alarcón and his party of thirty-five soldiers. The Villa de Béjar is known for being the first Spanish settlement of San Antonio and consisted of the families of the Presidio Soldiers and those of the prior expeditions. It also served to secure Spain&#39;s claim to the region against possible encroachment from other European powers.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>From the Convent of Querétaro, several expeditions were organized to the region of Texas, an area of great strategic importance to the Spanish crown. With that goal, in 1675 an expedition formed by Fray Antonio de Olivares, Fray Francisco Hidalgo, Fray Juan Larios, and Fernando del Bosque was sent to explore and describe the country beyond the Rio Grande, to test the possibilities of new settlements in the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1709, Olivares participated in the expedition headed by Pedro de Aguirre, together with Fray Isidro de Espinosa, exploring the territory between the present-day location of the city of San Antonio and the Colorado River. The same year, he traveled to Spain to convince the authorities of the importance of maintaining the territory and establishing new missions on the bank of the San Antonio River. The authorities said "yes." He remained in Spain six years (until 1715).</p><br>
<p>In 1716, Fray Antonio de Olivares wrote to the Viceroy of New Spain, telling of their hopes and plans for the future mission, and urged him to send families of settlers to found a town. In the same letter, he stressed that it was necessary for some of these families to be skilled in the useful arts and industries, "to teach the Indians all that should be required to be useful and capable citizens."</p><br>
<p>Fray Antonio&#39;s perseverance eventually paid off, and the Viceroyalty gave formal approval for the missions in late 1716, assigning responsibility for their establishment to Martín de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila y Tejas.</p><br>
<p>Fray Antonio de Olivares organized the construction of the new mission San Antonio de Valero, from the next Mission San Francisco Solano. He also built the first irrigation ditch in Texas (Acequia Madre de Valero), six miles long, to irrigate 400 hectares of land and to supply water to the new facilities.</p><br>
<p>The operating complex was completed with the construction of the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, on the west side of the San Antonio River, approximately one-half mile from the mission. It was designed to protect the system of missions and civilian settlements in central Texas and to secure Spanish claims in the region against possible encroachment by other European powers. The presidio consisted of an adobe building, thatched with grass, with soldiers and their families quartered in brush huts. As settlers concentrated around the presidio complex and mission, it began to form the town of Béjar or Béxar, which became the cornerstone of Spanish Tejas or Texas. Being located in the center of several operating systems, mission Béxar did not suffer the needs and anxieties of other presidios. Despite occasional Indian attacks, the defenses of the presidio walls were never completed or were deemed necessary, as the mission was partially completed and later converted into the main unit of walled defense.</p><br>
<p>On May 5, the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar was founded on the west side of the San Antonio River, marking the origin of the present city of San Antonio, Texas. The event was chaired by Martin de Alarcón, settling around 30 families in the surrounding area. On February 14, 1719, the Marquess of San Miguel de Aguayo made a report to the king of Spain, proposing that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Habana to populate the province of Texas. In June 1730, 25 families came to Cuba, and 10 families were sent to Veracruz. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group in Veracruz marched overland to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, arriving on March 9, 1731. The group joined the military community resident since 1718, forming the first government of the city and taking as its headquarters the Presidio of San Antonio de Béxar.</p><br>
<p>In 1726, there were 45 soldiers in the fort and 4 families living nearby; nine soldiers were spread between the missions and the total civilian population was 200 people. Soldiers quarters and the Spanish Governors Palace were completed in 1749 to house the military garrison&#39;s commanding officer. The location became known as the Plaza de Armas. In 1763, there were 22 soldiers in the presidio, entrusted to defend all five nearby missions. The soldiers at times were used as escorts, and to prevent cattle rustling and smuggling. In 1772, other forts in the area were closed; Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, however, was left open and became the principal defense in Texas, with a command of 80 soldiers. Béxar was made the capital of Texas and the presidio captain served as regional governor. In 1790, plans were made to renovate the fort, but were never realized.</p><br>
<p>In 1803, 100 men from the Second Flying Company of San Carlos de Parras (Álamo de Parras) were sent to reinforce the presidio, from Parras de la Fuente in southern Coahuila. Under the jurisdiction of the clergy of the Villa de San Fernando de Béxar and the Bishop of Nuevo León, they occupied the presidio Plaza de Armas (military Plaza) and the secularized mission of San Antonio de Valero.</p><br>
<p>Although stockade walls were begun in 1805 on the north side of the city, a fort was no longer believed necessary. By 1806, all the troops had moved into the former Alamo Mission, by then a fort.</p><br>
<p>In 1811, retired militia officer, Juan Bautista de las Casas, persuaded the presidio soldiers to rebel against its Spanish officers. Later, support for the Royalist officers was re-established, and the soldiers joined the army under Manuel María de Salcedo and fought against the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition in 1813.</p><br>
<p>In 1825, Erasmo Seguín was appointed quartermaster of San Antonio, a position he held for a decade. During the Mexican and Texan wars of independence, the presidio garrison actively participated in numerous military engagements.</p><br>
<p>In 1835 Domingo de Ugartechea, the commandant of the now-former Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas, was headquartered at the presidio, during the Texas Revolution. After the siege and Battle of Béxar and the expulsion of Mexican troops from Texas in December 1835, Texian Colonel James C. Neill briefly commanded Béxar and the Alamo. The town and the Alamo fort were recaptured by the Mexican army at the Battle of the Alamo in March 1836 and the Mexican garrison was temporarily reinstated. The presidio officially ceased to exist when the Mexican Army presented their formal surrender in San Antonio on June 4, 1836, to Béxar Military Chief Juan Seguin.</p><br>
